Saturday, December 16, 2017

On society's definition of success, and "quelling the aggression in men"


Actresses currently endlessly denouncing male power and its corresponding abusive behaviours in Hollywood... Big time international media moguls, high ranking media executives, media personalities being denounced as sexual predators... Predatory behaviours apparently being practised amongst male youngsters... 

What on earth is going on??


The standard sociological definition of patriarchy states that "patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property."
...Sounds like generic James Brown lyrics, had he chosen to express himself this way?

When establishing a dialogue about complex issues, we understand metaphors best, as comparative systems which enable the identification of similarities between ideas and concepts - as the comparison established within a metaphor aims to provide clarity on otherwise hard-to-grasp subjects.

The lion roars at its loudest and is at its most dangerous when mortally wounded and cornered.
This seems to be our current patriarchal predicament.


This is not a case of trying to appear sophisticated, nor trying to side with women at the right time. It is a case of genuinely believing that organisms evolve, and as such, global culture (in itself a metaphor for the way organisms cluster cohesively)  is ´moving up a notch´, forcing a change on past -wrongly- tolerated behaviours, as these will simply not only not serve us in the coming future: the patriarchal archetypes of yesteryear will impede our individual happiness. They stomp on evolution.
They always did, as a matter of fact.

If this is ´hard to grasp´ -pardon the, once again, metaphorical pun, but metaphors are where it´s at!- consider this: once upon a time in the not too distant past, ´popular´ music was understood to be publicly enjoyed in clubs and discos, where male bravado, trouble, and general shenanigans were the recipe of the day, any day - in and of itself, a very male way of spending an evening. Moreover, music-making was to be overseen, controlled and distributed very much within a patriarchal pattern, as it almost exclusively projected male dreams and defined reality within a male mentality of righteousness, aspirations, desires, fantasies, world views, romance, etc
From Bob Dylan to Lou Reed, James Brown to Oasis, ´popular´ music seemed to display the content of the male imagination - furthermore, it epitomised the male idea of success, and it stained the creative process with it.


'To quell the 'machoism', to quell the aggression in men': Orbital interview, Channel 4 News, July 2017.
(at 2 minutes 22 seconds, Phil Hartnoll pretty much resumes the core concept of this entire blog entry)

Yes, electronic music festivals have been described as ´tribal´ -as if this was a 'step back' in the wrong direction (??)-, but then again, the dynamics often established within these festivals and style of music observe a much more ´egalitarian´ community, distribution of roles, behaviours, male-female polarity, and cultural concepts.

In the video interview above, Paul Hartnoll states at 3 minutes 5 seconds: "Punk was always hitting against the wall, trying to hit against society, whereas 'rave culture' just turned away from the wall and walked away from it... and that's what truly frightens people in power, when people just say: 'we're just off to do our own thing, we're not going to try and fight you, we don't really care what you do'".

...Evolution, in action.

The prominent places women are increasingly occupying within occidental societies seems as strange a phenomenon to some, as electronic music is to 'rock traditionalists'. In the same sense that 'replicants' in Blade Runner are originally perceived as 'lesser forms of life' but they prove to be 'more human than human', the evolving aspects of modern life shock, at first, those who believe music is exclusively made by guitars, and women should carefully and perpetually make sandwiches.

And it is important to understand that the male-female polarity is just that: a polarity, not necessarily concordant with gender attributes - just as electrical polarities (+/-) are interchangeable. 
Music, like everything else in this planet, evolves in seemingly strange ways, and what seems 'artificial', electronic, is not necessarily less natural than, say, Led Zeppelin's chauvinistic lyric narratives - that's right, the Zeppelins have a few things to answer for, including the theft of the music featured within, at least, their first album, and there is a lengthy lawsuit on course, due to this. Whereas electronic music, often lacking lyrics, allows for a concentration of pure harmonic power, and a sonic delivery untarnished by narrative projections of ideals, which are often, quite simply, male projections and masculine fantasies of 'authenticity' and what is 'natural'.

Could it be that occidental definitions of success have, at their core, long been defined by an 'everything goes' / 'the lion always eats the zebra lagging behind' etc etc paradigm? And could it be that we are now, finally, challenging this paradigm? Could it be that the feminine polarity within society is challenging society, as we have lately come to know it?

The -often overlooked- english philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, stated during a Harvard lecture in 1929: "when criticizing the philosophy of an epoch, do not chiefly direct your

attention to those intellectual positions which its exponents feel it necessary explicitly to
defend. There will be some fundamental assumptions which, adherents to all the variant
systems within the epoch, unconsciously presuppose. Such assumptions appear so
obvious that people do not know what they are assuming because no other way of
putting things has ever occurred to them. With these assumptions, a certain limited
number of types of philosophic systems are possible, and this group of systems
constitutes the philosophy of the epoch.”
In other words: a caveman would probably not understand that 'rights' are a worthwhile concept, or that women are, in fact, not 'the weaker sex'. Women are equipped to give birth - I'd say that's pretty tough.

M.I.T. lecturer William Irwin Thompson, building on Alfred North Whitehead’s ‘epoch theory’, has
stated that "to understand contemporary culture, you have to be willing to move beyond

intellectual definitions and academic disciplines. You have to be willing to throw your net out widely and be willing to take in science, politics, and art. To catch a sense of the whole in pattern recognition, you have to leap across the synapse and follow the rapid movement of informational bits."

To put it simply, cultural conditioning exists, and it is something to be observed, and to very much keep an eye on, as it may feel comfortable to 'belong' to a socially condoned paradigm, but this may often be a collective misperception.

If it is true that everything evolves, then everything moves along. Music moves along, society moves along, the concept of success moves along, and women accordingly protest the 'balance of power' which a while ago seemed to be 'socially acceptable'.
...And patriarchy is, apparently, dying. 
...Good riddance, too. For if it is true that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, then the existing 'balance of power' between genders genuinely needed to be challenged... since long ago.

Physicist Stephen Hawkin allowed Orbital to sample his voice for the London 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony, reciting '(it is time we) transform our perception of the universe'.
Couldn't agree more.



______________________


Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. Although largely commercially self-funded, it is ultimately publicly owned; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) - the station is now owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation, a public corporation of the Department for Culture, Media & Sport

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) covered the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in London and is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. 


Tuesday, November 14, 2017

When rockstars actually, really, rock...


Queen : the band that will inevitably be heard in the background whenever someone is trying to sell cars, shampoo, beer, holidays, pasta, or in fact, just about anything, these days...


Queen are no longer fully active as a band, since Freddie Mercury famously died 26 years ago. 
You may, however, find that founding member Brian May still very much ROCKS the scene, given the things he stands for...
 


 *Brian May speaking at the student union, Oxford University / on animal rights.


...And the things he canNOT stand nor tolerate.



 *Brian May speaking at the BBC, Newsnight / foxhunting law and amendments.



*Brian May debating the former British Environment Secretary, SkyNews / foxhunting law and amendments.


Does it not make you wish that every 'rockstar' stood for something else than just selling records and being 'adored'?


Gandhi once said 'be the change you would like to see in the world', and Mr May seems to have taken the sentence to heart and put it into practice. 

I for one, am right behind Mr May on this one.
When certain people argue that the human role in balancing nature / controlling nature / wildlife management and 'preservation' is 'key'... noting this recent news item may just be worthy of everyone's attention.


And this, below, is an interesting post closer - from Brian's interview on R.T., if only to listen to an interviewer with a most curious russian / obvious american schooling / but scottish accent (!)





ABOUT BRIAN MAY: Brian May, musician and astrophysicist, is most widely known as the guitarist, songwriter and occasional singer of the rock band Queen. He was appointed a CBE in 2005 for services to the music industry and for his charity work. He earned a PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College in 2007 and is currently serving as the 4th Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University. Planet Rock voted May the 7th greatest guitarist of all time, and he was ranked at No. 26 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2012, May was ranked the 2nd greatest guitarist of all time by a Guitar World magazine readers poll. ABOUT THE OXFORD UNION SOCIETY: The Union is the world's most prestigious debating society, with an unparalleled reputation for bringing international guests and speakers to Oxford. It has been established for 189 years, aiming to promote debate and discussion not just in Oxford University, but across the globe.

NEWSNIGHT:
It is the BBC's flagship news and current affairs TV programme - with analysis, debate, exclusives, and robust interviews.

RT (Russia Today)
A global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.




 

Tuesday, October 24, 2017

When rock lyrics dissect modern society better than a psychologist ever could...


...you know Blade Runner´s dystopian narrative is not too far away.


The Cars´ most recent record includes this little gem of a lyric, reflecting on 21st century life. 

Once again, Ric Ocasek tackles fairly philosophical and social issues with sophistication and panache:


Blue Tip (The Cars)

You believe in anything
They tell you how to think
The simpletons all circle
In the raging roller rink
I'm trading in the alley
I'm booking up a storm
Forget about reality
'Cause nothing is the norm
Yeah yeah
So what can you do
You say
They owe me a few yeah
Blue tip of your cue yeah
You got that look on your face
You'd like to be in the race
You cannot hide your disgrace
You leave without a trace
All set to weary your heartland
Black and white TV
Stroking all the gun heads
Into the ninth degree
You here the screamers coming
They clamor in disguise
You think that you'd be running
To the other side
Yeah yeah
So what can you do
You say
They owe me a few yeah
Blue tip of your cue yeah
You got that look on your face
You'd like to be in the race
You cannot hide your disgrace
Can't fill an empty space
(Ah)
You stupefy the thinkers
(Ah)
You're hugging all the flakes
(Ah)
And all the things you think are true
(Ah)
Only mystify the fakes
Well keep your hat on backwards
And keep your lips tucked in
The world is full of quackers
And belly button rings
I know you'd like to be immune
To the things they say
You're hung up on your heroes
And upon the beast you pray
Yeah hey
What can you do
You say
Well they owe me a few yeah
Blue (blue) tip of your cue yeah
You got that look on your face
You'd like to be in the race
You cannot hide your disgrace
You leave without a trace
You got a look on your face
You'd like to be in the race
You cannot hide your disgrace
You leave a bitter taste 


 The Cars - Blue Tip





...Twenty-five years separate the above lyric with the one below, also by Ric Ocasek, also about our modern, 20th / 21st century world.

...Has much changed?





This Side Of Paradise (Ric Ocasek / The Cars)


The midnight oyster bellies bug you 
From inside you want to scream

The comic cut is your arrival
Your reflections are obscene

Well you're looking for another end
Doing time
But you still can't turn away
Well you're looking for a real friend
Any kind
That wants to play the games you play

On this side of paradise
You're never going to go through twice
Stay tuned at any price
To this side of paradise

Cylinder dreams passing in stages
Lethargic grins left to bare
Broadway windows cubical cages
Where escape is fairly rare

Well you're looking for another end
Any Time
But you still can't turn away
Well you're looking for a real friend
Any kind
That wants to play the games you play

On this side of paradise
You're never going to go through twice
Stay tuned at any price
To this side of paradise

You've got to keep yourself well amused
Pay no attention to the faulty news
Set yourself on automatic cruise
Sometimes you just got to lose

On this side of paradise
You're never going to go through twice
Stay tuned at any price
To this side of paradise

On this side of paradise

On this side of paradise


Ric Ocasek / The Cars - This Side Of Paradise




Thursday, October 19, 2017

Blade Runner: Who, Here, Is Human.






Few commercial movies have managed to walk a stranger path than Blade Runner.

When it was first released, it was, quite simply, a commercial flop. 


The film underwent one of the first 'test-audience' exercises back in 1982, and it seemed that its cryptic dialogue and noir-like narrative proved too intense and cognitively dissonant for test audiences. As a result, a 'compromise' version was released, which featured a happy ending and off-screen voice narration -throughout the entire length of the film- performed by Harrison Ford (in order to spoon-feed the 'complex' narrative). 
...And this was the very version which flopped.

Blade Runner's original budget was somewhere around 28 million dollars, of which 17 million was originally recouped. 
Gross profit figures for the movie have since surpassed its original budget, but this happened slowly, due to its soundtrack becoming successful in its own right -and sought after-, and due to the cultish status that the movie achieved over time.
As many as eight (8!) 'authorized' versions exist of the original theatrical release, of which it is now more or less understood that 2007's 'The Director's Cut' is now canon. 

The Director's Cut of the original Blade Runner does not tie up its narrative with off-screen narration, sweet endings or 'feel good wraps': it shows overpopulation leading to isolation, engineered beings behaving more naturally than ‘genuine human DNA’, as it shows genetically engineered beings who may well have a soul, whereas humans, increasingly and throughout, become dehumanized. 

The film tackles both the marvel of technological advances and the alienation and isolation embedded in modern, disjointed societies. The subtle but firm music during replicant Rory’s death scene also suggests the questions: ‘Did Rory Batty have a soul? Was it legal to kill him because he sought a different life than what was planned out for him by the ‘architects of society’?

The Director’s Cut also revealed Deckard as a possible replicant, ignorant of his own condition, and intentionally kept in the dark. Additionally, Deckard’s boss, and Tyrell himself -the ‘maker’ who deems others subhuman- may ultimately share this same condition, according to director Ridley Scott. Vangelis’ score and sound design planted the seeds of doubt over these cryptic subjects and delivered a hefty part of the emotional complexity -within the Director’s Cut- aiding the cryptic, multilayered web of messages to become more intuitively explicit.



So why a sequel?

What does Blade Runner 2049 add to the Replicant narrative?

Is it really necessary to look any further into such a dystopian future?



The archetypal, complex, multilayered messages embedded in Blade Runner have derived into a cult-ural phenomenon. The very system it criticises –and its inhabitants– did not originally give it a chance, perhaps because “there’s no psychologist to go to when it is an entire species that has gone berserk”, as American ethno-botanist Terence McKenna once said. Society has precipitated into this dystopia. Something about it now rings true in the collective unconscious, the overarching ego of modern contemporary culture. 
This is the modern myth emergent from Blade Runner: what does it mean to be human.

Blade Runner asks what it means to be human. It blurs the lines between human and 'machine', from both sides: that is the goal.  The ultimate question is not whether or not Deckard is human - although RIdley Scott's Director's Cut (now canon) most definitely points out that Deckard is, in fact, a replicant...oh yes indeed
But the real question is ‘what does it mean to be human’, as the lives of the replicants are more human than the lives of the ‘real’ humans. Real humans seem to live like robots, whereas ‘robots’ are, at the very least, trying to rise above their emotional limitations.

The world is, not-so-slowly, becoming the barren technological 'eco-collapse' that Blade Runner depicts. And it must be remembered that the film portrays, at its core, a deeply dystopian world. Blade Runner 2049 has taken these postulates and deployed a further number of questions, derived from the philosophical standpoints which the original movie postulated. But no definite answers are given, even to the ever-pending question of whether Deckard is, actually a replicant, because, apparently, it isn't enough to have had Ridley Scott proclaim this out loud


In the open-ended  treatment of both Blade Runner and its sequel, Blade Runner 2049 -directed by Denis Villeneuve-, the directors have chosen to open up avenues of possibilities within the original themes present in the book that both movies are loosely based on: 'Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep?', written by Philip K. Dick. 
Where the original Blade Runner (director's cut) chose to permit a romantic relationship between a human/replicant and a replicant, and heroic behaviours exercised by replicants, its sequel delves further into the blurring of 'synthetic' and 'natural' behaviour: replicants seem to be able to display what can only be described as a conscience, where humans often seem to lack this very quality.

Our modern culture is rushing towards Scott’s and Villeneuve's dystopian vision, and it requires myths and warnings that articulately observe the complexity of our situation, addressing the brutal power we now possess to modify the environment, and to modify and to enslave each other. 
CRISPER -actual genetic engineering technology for the alteration of human embryos' DNA- is now a legal reality in several countries, and it's enjoying its first years of infancy. Genetic engineering is no longer an embryonic endeavour.


Scott’s warning in his original -then final cut- vision was overlooked at the time of the movie’s original release. Its multilayered complexity was not culturally allowed to communicate one of the most perplexing and questioning messages the viewing public could ever receive: 

Who, here, is human.

It is actions that will determine the answer. And replicants often perform actions which elevate them over the human behaviour displayed. ...Pharmaceutical mega-gigant Glaxo-Smith-Kline announced, two years ago, a £32bn (that's Thirty-Two Billion Pounds) budget for what they have coined as the ‘medicine of the future’: ‘simply’ modifying electronic impulses in the nervous system, ‘writing’ new bio-electronic code, overriding the autonomous nervous system, via microchip implant, to ‘address diabetes and asthma’. 

...As a collective of organisms in cognitively dissonant denial about their own condition, our society is increasingly becoming a synthetic reproduction. We inhabit a virtual reality, product of the ‘condensation of human activity’, the ‘noosphere’, as Pierre Teilhard de Chardin noted back in 1922

The gritty future that Ridley Scott portrayed has now proven realistic and believable. Denis Villeneuve's sequel has chosen to deploy this world fully, expand it and surround it with further questions, many of which bear strong resemblances to questions our society is currently asking. ...Blade Runner 2049 is a brutally and densely imagined reality of 'nearby dystopia' with such subtle warnings that, perhaps, the only way for us to understand its real message is to absorb its carefully scored choreography, weaving the narrative waves.



Sunday, May 28, 2017

It's Time for a Summer Break!

Somehow we have reached the end of May. The whole academic year has just rushed like that and it's almost summer and time for a long awaited and well-deserved vacation. But before we are off, we would like to thank you all for staying with us. We want to see you happy and satisfied, we want you to feel you are improving. And because of that, please, don't forget about your language studies in the coming months! In fact, there is no better time than your voyages to put into practice all that you have learned. Don't feel shy or nervous: you've worked hard and it for sure shows. But most importantly, there is not a single person that has the right to make you feel bad or laugh at you. Anyone who tries to learn a foreign language deserves nothing else than respect, support and admiration!


Some time ago we came across that message posted by Cork English Teacher on Facebook and we would like to share it with you, as we fully agree with each and every word in it:




So, please don't be shy, don't doubt to use your language skills, practice as much as possible and we hope to see you back in September/October!

Vitoria-Gasteiz Language Laboratory Team

Sunday, April 30, 2017

How to Improve Your Motivation

The most common excuse when it comes to not learning or improving our skills is without any doubt: “I have no time”. It's difficult to discuss with that. My answer is always, that even 5 minutes a day can change a lot. Listen to the audiobooks when driving, watch films in the language you want to learn, use duolingo or another similar app. It takes 5-10 minutes a day, but always helps a bit.

However, there is a second excuse used in many different occasions without any reflection. “I have no motivation”. I was lucky enough not to hear it directly from anyone. It would be difficult to answer in a constructive way. But it happens. And a lot.



So, what really is the motivation? Here is a definition, repeated by Merriam-Webster:
1a: the act or process of motivating
Some students need motivation to help them through school.
b: the condition of being motivated
employees who lack motivation
    2: a motivating force, stimulus, or influence: incentive, drive
    the Old Testament heroes added religious motivation to the waging of war — Richard Humble
    The fear of failure was the motivation for his achievements.


Looking at this explanation, definitely, what people mean is they lack some kind of stimulus. Making it simpler: they see no reason to learn. And that is exactly what I can´t understand. There is always a reason to improve our skills. And that applies not only to languages, but to everything. It's healthy. It can be a hobby. All depends on a person.

Here are some observations, if your problem is lack of motivation:

1. So, the easiest way to get motivated is to set goals. Small ones, not too big: it's easier to fail if the expectations are too big and that discourages you from continuing. For example, the goals in case of language learning could be:

  1. Understand what my favourite song is about
  2. Watch and understand one episode of a series (the general idea, not word by word!)
  3. Prepare a presentation in English for my next business meeting on my own
  4. Answer the business phone call in English without any problems

There may be as many variations as you wish. The long term goals, set for example every two years can be more complicated: travel without fear of being misunderstood, read magazines online, chat with foreign friends. The options are unlimited.

2. Another thing is making it a habit. As difficult and discouraging as it can be at the beginning, pen it into your schedule. Once you start doing it regularly, you will get used to it. Some people find it useful to set it as a kind of engagement: meet with a friend to study together (you will be ashamed to cancel), pay some private classes (you will feel that not going is wasting your money, if it's already paid).
3. Make it dynamic. Use a variety of methods. Sitting a few hours per week with grammar exercises in not exactly my idea of fun. Use songs, films, You Tube videos. Read articles. See the real language and how it is used. Learning just the traditional way may become too boring!

4. Put what you learn in practice. Find a chat group online, or look for a language exchange in your city. If you learn just theory and never use it, it looks like you don't really need it!

5. And last, but not least: believe in yourself. Don't say “It's not for me” or “I'm too old”. Everyone can learn! You just have to find what is the best way to do it for you. Not the one everyone does, your personal method.


It's that simple! Good luck!

Tuesday, March 28, 2017

Learning Languages Through Social Media

Social Media. It is so in fashion to consider it the greatest evil these days. But you like it. You still use it and when your boss/partner/coworker turns the other side you quickly check the updates. OK, that second part, of using it at work is definitely a no-no. But if you are really addicted, or simply don't want to resign of using it, there are also good points of having an account on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Pinterest. Yes, you got it right: you can improve your language skills ;)



Let me present you with a list of 5 best accounts/pages for each of these media if you want to learn English.

Facebook:

  1. The Guardian
    Two-in-one. You can read an English text, learn some new vocabulary and get the news. The language is modern, but correct. The opinions are rather balanced and objective. It's definitely the most accessible newspaper for those, who are still learning with a huge variety of topics.
  2. Cork English Teacher
    A great teacher who likes vlogging and explains the mysteries of English pronunciation. Funny and handsome. Students love to follow him.
  3. English is Fun
    They used to post lots of graphs, diagrams and tables explaining all the possible grammar problems. Recently they have added a bit more gifs and pictures with slogans on it, which I am less crazy about, but they still put the original materials - reason I've followed them for.
  4. Strategies for Cambridge Advanced English exam
    An English teacher sharing her tricks to pass CAE. You couldn't ask for better advice. You must follow her if you are thinking about Cambridge Advanced English Exam.
  5. Inspire Lang
    Of course you should follow us! We try to find all the interesting resources and webs and share it with you. From time to time we drop something for French and German students too.

Twitter:

  1. Lonely Planet
    Is there a better motivation to learn languages than to see all the wonderful places to visit? They post regularly and the subjects they choose are not monotonous at all!
  2. NASA
    Almost like travelling. But a bit farther ;) No, seriously, their posts are always interesting and educational.
  3. Maria Popova
    A reader and writer, creator of brainpickings.org. If there is something new in culture, or something long forgotten, but worth remembering, she will write about it.
  4. Al Jazeera English
    News is not only BBC and CNN. Al Jazeera English (AJE) is an international state-funded 24-hour English-language news and current affairs TV channel owned and operated by Al Jazeera Media Network, which is headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Instead of being run under one central command, news management rotates between broadcasting centres in Doha and London.
  5. Open Culture
    They describe themselves as “ a thought-provoking blog” and often offer free audiobooks and free eboks.

Instagram
  1. english_vocabulary
    One word a day. In reality they more often focus on phrases, not single words. Interesting and worth following.
  2. grammar_tips
    Tables and graphs. Visually very friendly, which makes memorizing things much easier!
  3. learnenglish_easily
    Looks like an online picture dictionary. The difference is, you never know which topic will be posted next.
  4. english.notes
    A bit of everything. Nice pictures, easy to remember. Grammar, vocabulary, expressions...
  5. colorful_english
    Daily updates for B2 and C1 level students. Mostly videos and vocabulary.

Pinterest:
  1. Grammar Check
    Grammar- and writing-related infographics. One of the best I've seen
  2. The English Student
    Lots of vocabulary and some recommendations of online resources. Visually very attractive.
  3. Latest Infographics
    It's not an account, just browse the expression and you'll get hundreds of results
    of an online collection of latest infographics, covering the topics of Marketing, Business, Education, Finance, Entertainment, Technology, Economy, Travel, SEO, Science, Health, Celebrity, Food, Social Media.... You learn two things at the same time: the topic that interests you and English.
  4. ESL at Chesapeake College Adult Education Program
    A wonderful resource to prepare for any test. Videos, infographics, pictures. All focused on what we usually hate most: grammar.
  5. Woodward English
    Grammar notes, vocabulary lists, interactive games, reading material and worksheets both for teachers and students.

I hope the above list will help you a bit. Please share with us in the comments ay online resources you are using!


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